電(dian)(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)是(shi)冶煉金屬鋁(lv)的一種方法,通常在電(dian)(dian)解(jie)槽內通過大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)把氧(yang)化(hua)鋁(lv)分解(jie)出(chu)金屬鋁(lv).

    鋁(lv)錠(ding)(ding)(ding)按(an)成分不同分高純鋁(lv)錠(ding)(ding)(ding)、鋁(lv)合金錠(ding)(ding)(ding)和重熔用鋁(lv)錠(ding)(ding)(ding)三種;按(an)形(xing)狀和尺寸又可分為(wei)圓錠(ding)(ding)(ding)、板錠(ding)(ding)(ding)、條錠(ding)(ding)(ding)、T形(xing)錠(ding)(ding)(ding)等幾(ji)種.

    鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)是一種銀白色(se)金屬(shu),在地(di)(di)殼中含量僅(jin)次于(yu)氧和硅(gui)排在第三位.鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)密度小,故稱(cheng)作(zuo)輕金屬(shu).鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)是產量和使(shi)用量很高的(de)有(you)色(se)金屬(shu),世界上僅(jin)次于(yu)鋼鐵.鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)密度約為鋼、銅(tong)密度的(de)1/3左右.由于(yu)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)材質輕,因此常用于(yu)制造、火車(che)、地(di)(di)鐵、汽車(che)、飛機、船(chuan)舶、火箭等陸(lu)海(hai)空交(jiao)通工具,以減輕自(zi)重增加裝(zhuang)載量.同(tong)樣,鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)在軍工制品中也地(di)(di)位顯著.

    氧化鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)又稱三氧化二鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv),呈白色粉末狀. 原(yuan)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)是(shi)在電(dian)解(jie)過(guo)程中沂出的液(ye)體狀的鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)液(ye),未經過(guo)沉淀等處(chu)理(li).原(yuan)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)通過(guo)進(jin)入鑄造鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)錠模型(xing)體內冷卻(que)處(chu)理(li)可成為鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)錠.所以(yi),氧化鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)是(shi)沂出鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)液(ye)的原(yuan)料,電(dian)解(jie)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)是(shi)工藝,原(yuan)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)是(shi)電(dian)解(jie)過(guo)程中的鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)液(ye),鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)錠是(shi)一種鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)產品,最終在市面(mian)上流轉的可售產品.

    電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)鋁(lv)就是通過電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)得到的鋁(lv).現代電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)鋁(lv)工業(ye)生產采用冰(bing)晶(jing)石-氧(yang)化(hua)鋁(lv)融鹽電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)法.熔融冰(bing)晶(jing)石是溶劑,氧(yang)化(hua)鋁(lv)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)溶質(zhi),以碳(tan)素體作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)陽極(ji)(ji)(ji),鋁(lv)液作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)陰極(ji)(ji)(ji),通入強大的直流電(dian)(dian)后,在950℃-970℃下,在電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)槽內的兩極(ji)(ji)(ji)上進行電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學反(fan)應,既電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie).

    工業用鋁(lv)錠

    在我(wo)們日常工業(ye)上(shang)的原料叫鋁(lv)(lv)錠(ding),按國家(jia)標(biao)準(zhun)(GB/T 1196-2008)應叫"重(zhong)熔用鋁(lv)(lv)錠(ding)",不(bu)過大(da)家(jia)叫慣(guan)了(le)"鋁(lv)(lv)錠(ding)".它是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用氧化鋁(lv)(lv)-冰晶石通過電解(jie)法(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)出來(lai)的.鋁(lv)(lv)錠(ding)進入工業(ye)應用之(zhi)后有(you)兩大(da)類:鑄造鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)和變形鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin).鑄造鋁(lv)(lv)及(ji)(ji)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以鑄造方(fang)法(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)鋁(lv)(lv)的鑄件;變形鋁(lv)(lv)及(ji)(ji)鋁(lv)(lv)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以壓力加工方(fang)法(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)鋁(lv)(lv)的加工產(chan)品:板、帶、箔(bo)、管、棒、型(xing)、線和鍛件.按照(zhao)國家(jia)標(biao)準(zhun)"重(zhong)熔用鋁(lv)(lv)錠(ding)按化學成分(fen)分(fen)為8個牌(pai)號(hao),分(fen)別(bie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)Al99.90、Al99.85、Al99.70、Al99.60、Al99.50、Al99.00、Al99.7E、Al99.6E"(注(zhu)(zhu):Al之(zhi)后的數字是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鋁(lv)(lv)含量(liang)).有(you)人(ren)叫的"A00"鋁(lv)(lv),實際上(shang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)含鋁(lv)(lv)為99.7%純度(du)的鋁(lv)(lv),在倫敦(dun)市場(chang)上(shang)叫"標(biao)準(zhun)鋁(lv)(lv)".大(da)家(jia)都知道我(wo)國在五(wu)十年代技術標(biao)準(zhun)都來(lai)自前蘇(su)聯(lian),"A00"是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)蘇(su)聯(lian)國家(jia)標(biao)準(zhun)中(zhong)的俄文牌(pai)號(hao),"A"是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)俄文字母(mu),而不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)英文"A"字,也不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)漢語拼音(yin)字母(mu)的"A"和國際接軌(gui)的話(hua),稱(cheng)"標(biao)準(zhun)鋁(lv)(lv)"更(geng)為確切(qie).標(biao)準(zhun)鋁(lv)(lv)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)含99.7%鋁(lv)(lv)的鋁(lv)(lv)錠(ding),在倫敦(dun)市場(chang)上(shang)注(zhu)(zhu)冊(ce)的就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)它.

    氧化(hua)鋁(Al?O?)是(shi)一種高硬(ying)度(du)的(de)化(hua)合物(wu),熔點(dian)(dian)為2054℃,沸點(dian)(dian)為2980℃,是(shi)在高溫下可電(dian)離的(de)離子晶體,常用(yong)(yong)于制造耐火材料.工業Al2O3是(shi)由鋁礬土(Al2O3?3H2O)和硬(ying)水鋁石制備的(de),對(dui)于純度(du)要求高的(de)Al2O3,一般用(yong)(yong)化(hua)學方(fang)法制備.

    Al2O3有(you)許多同質(zhi)異晶體,目前已知的有(you)10多種,主要有(you)3種晶型,即γ-Al2O3、β-Al2O3、α-Al2O3(剛(gang)玉).其(qi)中結(jie)構不(bu)同性(xing)質(zhi)也不(bu)同,在1300℃以上的高溫時幾乎(hu)完全轉化為α-Al2O3.